In the mid 1950's, John Garcia and his colleagues at the Radiological Defense
Laboratory at Hunters Point in San Francisco assessed the effects of ionizing
radiation on a myriad of behaviors in the laboratory rat. One of their
behavioral findings was that radiated rats avoided consumption of solutions
that had been present during radiation, presumably due to the association
of the taste of the solution with the aversive effects of the radiation.
These results were published in Science and introduced to the literature
the phenomenon of conditioned taste aversion learning (or the Garcia Effect).
Subsequently, Garcia and his colleagues demonstrated that such learning
appeared unique in a number of respects, including the fact that these
aversions were acquired often in a single conditioning trial, selectively
to gustatory stimuli and even when long delays were imposed between access
to the solution and administration of the aversive agent. Together, these
unique characteristics appeared to violate the basic tenets of traditional
learning theory and along with a number of other behavioral phenomena (e.g.,
bird song learning, species-specific defense reactions, tonic immobility
and schedule-induced polydipsia) introduced the concept of biological constraints
on learning that forced a reconceptualization of the role evolution played
in the acquisition of behavior (Garcia and Ervin, 1968; Revusky and Garcia,
1970; Rozin and Kalat, 1971).
Although the initial investigations into conditioned taste aversion
learning focused on these biological and evolutionary issues and their
relation to learning, research in this area soon assessed the basic generality
of the phenomenon, specifically, under what conditions such learning
did or did not occur. With such research, a wide variety of gustatory
stimuli were reported as effective conditioned stimuli and an extensive
list of drugs with diverse consequences were reported as effective aversion-inducing
agents. Aversions were established in a range of strains and species
and under many experimental conditions. Research in this area continues
to extend the conditions under which such learning occurs and to demonstrate
its biological, neurochemical and anatomical substrates. Although the
conditions under which aversion learning are reported to occur appear
to generalize from the specific conditions under which they were originally
reported, a number of factors including sex, age, training and testing
procedures, deprivation level and drug history, all affect the rate of
its acquisition and its terminal strength (Riley, 1998).
In addition to these experimental demonstrations and assessments of
generality, research on conditioned taste aversions has expanded to include
investigations into its research and clinical applications (Braveman
and Bronstein, 1985). In so doing, taste aversion learning has been applied
to the characterization and classification of drug toxicity, the demonstration
of the stimulus properties of abused drugs, the management of wildlife
predation, the assessment of the etiology and treatment of cancer anorexia,
the study of the biochemistry and molecular biology of learning, the
etiology and control of alcohol use and abuse, the receptor characterization
of the motivational effects of drugs, the occurrence of drug interactions,
the characterization of drug withdrawal, the determination of taste psychophysics,
the treatment of autoimmune diseases and the evaluation of the role of
malaise in drug-induced satiety and drug-induced behavioral deficits.
The speed with which aversions are acquired and the relative robustness
of this preparation have made conditioned taste aversion learning a widely
used, highly replicable and sensitive tool.
In 1976, we published the first of three bibliographies on conditioned
taste aversion learning. In this initial publication (see Riley and Baril,
1976), we listed and annotated 403 papers in this field. Subsequent lists
published in 1977 (Riley and Clarke, 1977) and 1985 (Riley and Tuck,
1985) listed 632 and 1373 papers, respectively. Since that time, we have
maintained a bibliography on taste aversion learning utilizing a variety
of journal and on-line searches as well as benefiting from the generous
contribution of preprints, reprints and pdf files from many colleagues.
To date, the number of papers on conditioned taste aversion learning
is approaching 3000. The present database lists these papers and provides
a mechanism for searching the articles according to a number of search
functions. Specifically, it was constructed to provide the reader access
to these articles via a variety of search terms, including Author(s),
Key Words, Date, Article Title and Journal. One can search for single
or multiple items within any specific category. Further, one can search
a single or combination of categories. The database is constantly being
updated, and any feedback and suggestions are welcome and can be sent
to CTALearning@american.edu.
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